REFRACTORY METALS

VANADIUM

NIOBIUM

TANTALUM

CHROMIUM

MOLYBDENUM

TUNGSTEN

ZIRCONIUM

HAFNIUM

RHENIUM

NUMISMATIC METALS

COPPER

SILVER

GOLD

PLATINUM GROUP METALS

RUTHENIUM

RHODIUM

PALLADIUM

OSMIUM

IRIDIUM

PLATINUM

FERROUS METALS

MANGANESE

IRON

COBALT

NICKEL

P BLOCK METALS

ZINC

GALLIUM

CADMIUM

INDIUM

TIN

BISMUTH

HEAVY METALS

MERCURY

THALIUM

LEAD

LIGHT METALS

MAGNESIUM

ALUMINIUM

TITANIUM

METALLOIDS

BORON

SILICON

GERMANIUM

ARSENIC

ANTIMONY

TELLURIUM

Carbon and its allotropes

Pure carbon occurs in two naturally occurring mineral forms: graphite and diamond. These "forms" are called allotropes and are so mechanically distinct that they must be treated separately; however, they are not the only ones. We refer to the various solid forms of the same element as allotropes, based on their differences in crystalline structure. In turn, the crystalline structure of an element or compound (whether natural, such as a mineral, or synthetic, such as a ceramic) is simply the arrangement of the atoms of that element.

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